ADVERBS - MENU
l Function
l Form
l Comparative forms
l Kinds of adverbs
ADVERBS - FUNCTION
Adverbs modify, or tell us more about other
words, usually verbs:
l The bus moved slowly.
l The bears ate greedily.
Sometimes they tell us more about adjectives:
l You look absolutely fabulous!
They can also modify other adverbs:
l She played the violin extremely
well.
l You're speaking too quietly.
ADVERBS - FORM
1. In most cases, an adverb is formed by
adding '-ly' to an
adjective:
Adjective Adverb
cheap cheaply
quick quickly
slow slowly
Examples:
l Time goes quickly.
l He walked slowly to the door.
l She certainly had an interesting life.
l He carefully picked up the sleeping child.
If the adjective ends in '-y',
replace the 'y' with 'i' and add '-ly':ive Adverb
easy easily
angry angrily
happy happily
lucky luckily
If the adjective ends in -'able', '-ible',
or '-le', replace the '-e' with '-y':
Adjective Adverb
probable probably
terrible terribly
gentle gently
If the adjective ends in '-ic', add
'-ally':Adjective Adverb
basic basically
economic economically
tragic tragically
Note: Exception: public - publicly
2. Some adverbs have the same form as the
adjective:Adverb
early fast hard high
late near straight wrong
Compare:
l It is a fast car.
l He drives very fast.
l This is a hard exercise.
l He works hard.
l We saw many high buildings.
l The bird flew high in the sky.
3. 'Well' and 'good'
'Well' is the adverb that corresponds to the adjective 'good'.
Examples:
l He is a good student.
l He studies well.
l She is a good pianist.
l She plays the piano well.
l They are good swimmers.
l They swim well.
COMPARATIVE FORMS OF ADVERBS
In general, comparative and superlative forms of
adverbs are the same as for adjectives:
l add -er or -est to short adverbs:dverb Comparative Superlative
hard harder the
hardest
late later the
latest
fast faster the fastest
Example:
l Jim works harder than his brother.
l Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all.
with adverbs ending in -ly, use more for the comparative and most for
the superlative:
Adverb Comparative Superlative
quietly more quietly most quietly
slowly more slowly most slowly
seriously more seriously most seriously
Example:
l The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand.
l Could you sing more quietly please?
Some adverbs have irregular comparative forms:Adverb Comparative Superlative
Badly worse
worst
far farther/further
farthest/furthest
little less least
well better best
Example:
l The little boy ran further than his friends.
l You're driving worse today than yesterday !
BE CAREFUL! Sometimes 'most' can mean 'very':
l We were most grateful
for your help
I am most impressed by this
application.
KINDS OF ADVERBS
There are several classes or 'kinds' of adverbs
that we use for specific
functions:
1. Adverbs of manner
2. Adverbs of place
3. Adverbs of time
4. Adverbs of certainty
5. Adverbs of degree
6. Interrogative adverbs
7. Relative adverbs
8. Viewpoint and commenting adverbs
ADVERBS OF MANNER
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed
after the main verb or after the object.
Examples:
l He swims well, (after the main verb)
l He ran... rapidly, slowly, quickly..
l She spoke... softly, loudly, aggressively..
l James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
l He plays the flute beautifully. (after the object)
l He ate the chocolate cake greedily.
BE CAREFUL! The adverb should not be put between the verb and
the object:
l He ate greedily the
chocolate cake [incorrect]
l He ate the chocolate cake greedily
[correct]
If there is a preposition before the
object, e.g. at, towards, we can place
the adverb either before the preposition or after
the object.
Example:
l The child ran happily towards his
mother.
l The child ran towards his
mother happily.
Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a
verb + object to add emphasis:
l He gently woke the sleeping woman.
Some writers put an adverb of manner at the
beginning of the sentence to
catch our attention and make us curious:
l Slowly she picked up the knife.
(We want to know what happened slowly,
who did it slowly, why they did it slowly)
However, adverbs should always come AFTER
intransitive verbs (=verbs which have no object).
Example:
l The town grew quickly
l He waited patiently
Also, these common adverbs are almost always
placed AFTER the verb:
l well
l badly
l hard
l fast
The position of the adverb is important when
there is more than one verb in
a sentence. If the adverb is placed after a clause,
then it modifies the whole
action described by the clause.
Notice the difference in meaning between the
following pairs of sentences:
l She quickly agreed to re-type the letter (= her agreement was quick)
l She agreed to re-type the
letter quickly (= the re-typing was quick)
l He quietly asked me to leave the house (= his request was quiet)
l He asked me to leave the
house quietly (= the leaving was quiet)
ADVERBS OF PLACE
Adverbs of place tell us where something
happens.
They are usually placed after the main verb or
after the object:
Example:
after the main verb:
l I looked everywhere
l John looked away, up, down, around...
l I'm going home, out, back
l Come in
after the object:
l They built a house nearby
l She took the child outside
'Here' and 'there'
With verbs of movement, here means
towards or with the speaker:
l Come here (= towards me)
l It's in here (= come with me to see it)
There means away from, or not with the speaker:
l Put it there (= away from me)
l It's in there (= go by yourself to see it)
Here and there are combined with prepositions to make
many common adverbial phrases:
down here, down there;
over here, over there;
under here, under there;
up here, up there
Here and there are placed at the beginning of the
sentence in exclamations
or when emphasis is needed.
They are followed by the verb if the
subject is a noun:
l Here comes the bus. (followed by the verb)
Or by a pronoun if this is the subject
(it, she, he etc.):
l Here it is! (followed by the pronoun)
l There she goes! (followed by the pronoun)
NOTE: most common adverbs of place also function as prepositions.
Examples:
about, across, along, around, behind, by, down,
in, off, on, over, round,
through, under, up.
Go to Prepositions or Phrasal Verbs
Other adverbs of place: ending in '-wards',
expressing movement in a particular direction:
Backwards forwards downwards
Upwards inwards outwards
Northwards southwards eastwards
Westwards homewards onwards
Example:
l Cats don't usually walk backwards.
l The ship sailed westwards.
BE CAREFUL! 'Towards' is
a preposition, not an adverb, so it is always
followed by a noun or a pronoun:
l He walked towards the
car.
l She ran towards me.
expressing both movement and location:
ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill, downhill,
sideways, indoors, outdoors
Example:
l The child went indoors.
l He lived and worked abroad.
ADVERBS OF TIME
Adverbs of time tell us when an
action happened, but also for how long, and how often.
Examples:
l When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
l For how long: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
l How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly
"When" adverbs are usually placed at the end of the
sentence:
l Goldilocks went to the
Bears' house yesterday.
l I'm going to tidy my room tomorrow.
This is a "neutral" position, but some "when"
adverbs can be put in other
positions to give a different emphasis
Compare:
l Later Goldilocks ate some porridge. (the time is more
important)
l Goldilocks later ate some porridge. (this is more formal, like a policeman's
report)
l Goldilocks ate some porridge
later. (this is neutral, no particular emphasis)
"For how long" adverbs are usually placed at the end of the
sentence:
l She stayed in the Bears'
house all day.
l My mother lived in France
Notice: 'for' is
always followed by an expression of duration:
l for three days,
l for a week,
l for several years,
l for two centuries.
'since' is always followed by an expression of a point in time:
l since Monday,
l since 1997,
l since the last war.
"How often" adverbs expressing the frequency of
an action are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs
(such as be, have, may,must):
l I often eat vegetarian food. (before the main verb)
l He never drinks milk. (before the main verb)
l You must always fasten your seat belt. (after the auxiliary must)
l She is never sea-sick.(after the auxiliary is)
l I have never forgotten my first kiss. (after the auxiliary have and
before the main verb forgotten)
Some other "how often" adverbs
express the exact number of times an
action happens and are usually placed at the end
of the sentence:
l This magazine is published monthly.
l He visits his mother once a week.
When a frequency adverb is placed
at the end of a sentence it is much stronger.
Compare:
l She regularly visits France
l She visits France
Adverbs that can be used in these two positions:
l frequently,
l generally,
l normally,
l occasionally,
l often,
l regularly,
l sometimes,
l usually
'Yet' and 'still'
Yet is used in questions and in negative sentences, and is placed at
the end
of the sentence or after not.
l Have you finished your work yet? (= a simple request for information)
No, not yet. (= simple negative answer)
l They haven't met him yet. (= simple negative
statement)
l Haven't you finished yet? (= expressing slight surprise)
Still expresses continuity; it is used in positive sentences and
questions, and
is placed before the main verb and after
auxiliary verbs (such as be, have,
might, will)
l I am still hungry.
l She is still waiting for you
l Are you still here?
l Do you still work for the BBC?
ORDER OF ADVERBS OF TIME
If you need to use more than one adverb of time
at the end of a sentence,
use them in this order:
1: 'how long'
2: 'how often'
3: 'when' (think of 'low')
Example:
l 1 + 2 : I work (1) for five hours (2) every day
l 2 + 3 : The magazine was
published (2) weekly (3) last year.
l 1 + 3 : I was abroad (1) for two months (3) last year.
l 1 + 2 + 3 : She worked in a
hospital (1) for two days (2) every week
(3) last year.
ADVERBS OF CERTAINTY
These adverbs express how certain or sure we feel
about an action or event.
Common adverbs of certainty:
certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely
Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb but
after the verb 'to be':
l He definitely left the house this morning.
l He is probably in the park.
With other auxiliary verb, these adverbs go
between the auxiliary and the main verb:
l He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
l He will probably remember tomorrow.
Sometimes these adverbs can be placed at the
beginning of the sentence:
l Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
BE CAREFUL! with surely. When it is placed at the beginning of
the sentence,
it means the speaker thinks something is true,
but is looking for confirmation:
Example:
l Surely you've got a bicycle?
ADVERBS OF DEGREE
Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity or
degree of an action, an adjective or another adverb.
Common adverbs of degree:
Almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly,
scarcely, completely, very, extremely.
Adverbs of degree are usually placed:
1. before the adjective or adverb they are modifying:
e.g. The water was extremely cold.
2. before the main verb:
e.g. He was just leaving.
She has almost finished.
Examples:
l She doesn't quite know what she'll do after university.
l They are completely exhausted from the trip.
l I am too tired to go out tonight.
l He hardly noticed what she was saying.
Enough, very, too
Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary
degree' goes after adjectives and adverbs.
Example:
l Is your coffee hot enough? (adjective)
l He didn't work hard enough. (adverb)
It also goes before nouns, and means 'as much as
is necessary'. In this case it
is not an adverb, but a 'determiner'.
Example:
l We have enough bread.
l They don't have enough food.
Too as an adverb meaning 'more than is necessary or useful' goes before
adjectives and adverbs, e.g.
l This coffee is too hot. (adjective)
l He works too hard. (adverb)
Enough and too with adjectives can be followed by 'for
someone/something'.
Example:
l The dress was big enough for me.
l She's not experienced enough for this job.
l The coffee was too hot for me.
l The dress was too small for her.
We can also use 'to + infinitive' after enough
and too with adjectives/adverb.
Example:
l The coffee was too hot to drink.
l He didn't work hard enough to pass the exam.
l She's not old enough to get married.
l You're too young to have grandchildren!
Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.
Example:
l The girl was very beautiful. (adjective)
l He worked very quickly. (adverb)
If we want to make a negative form of an
adjective or adverb, we can use a
word of opposite meaning, or not very.
Example:
l The girl was ugly OR The
girl was not very beautiful
l He worked slowly OR He
didn't work very quickly.
BE CAREFUL! There is a big difference between too and very.
l Very expresses a fact:
He speaks very quickly.
l Too suggests there is a problem:
He speaks too quickly
(for me to understand).
Other adverbs like very
These common adverbs are used like very and not
very, and are listed in
order of strength, from positive to negative:
extremely, especially, particularly, pretty,
rather, quite, fairly, rather,
not especially, not particularly.
Note: rather can be positive or
negative, depending on the adjective or adverb that follows:
Positive: The teacher was rather nice.
Negative: The film was rather disappointing.
Note on inversion with negative adverbs:
Normally the subject goes before the verb:
Subject VerbectUBJECT VERB
I left
She goes
However, some negative adverbs can cause an inversion
- the order is reversed and the verb goes before the subject
Example:
I have never seen
such courage. Never have I seen such courage.
She rarely left
the house. Rarely did she leave the house.
Negative inversion is used in writing, not
in speaking.
Other adverbs and adverbial expressions that can
be used like this:
seldom, scarcely, hardly, not only .....
but also, no sooner .....
than, not until, under no circumstances.
INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS
These are:
why, where, how, when
They are usually placed at the beginning of
a question.
Examples:
l Why are you so late?
l Where is my passport?
l How are you?
l How much is that coat?
l When does the train arrive?
Notice that how can be used in four
different ways:
1. meaning 'in what way?':
How did you make this sauce?
How do you start the car?
2. with adjectives:
How tall are you?
How old is your house?
3. with much and many:
How much are these tomatoes?
How many people are coming to the party?
4. with other adverbs:
How quickly can you read this?
How often do you go to London
RELATIVE ADVERBS
The following adverbs can be used to join
sentences or clauses. They replace
the more formal structure of preposition +
which in a relative clause:
where, when, why
Examples:
l That's the restaurant where we met for the first time.
(where = at/in which)
l I remember the day when we first met.
(when = on which)
l There was a very hot summer
the year when he was born.
(when = in which)
l Tell me (the reason) why you were late home.
(why = for which, but could replace the
whole phrase 'the reason for
which')
VIEWPOINT AND COMMENTING ADVERBS
There are some adverbs and adverbial expressions
which tell us about the speaker's viewpoint or opinion about an action, or make
some comment on the action.
Viewpoint
Frankly, I think he is a liar. (= this is my frank, honest opinion)
Theoretically, you should pay a fine. (= from a theoretical
point of view but there may be another way of looking at the situation)
These adverbs are placed at the beginning of
the sentence and are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
Some common Viewpoint adverbs:
honestly, seriously, confidentially, personally,
surprisingly, ideally,
economically, officially, obviously, clearly,
surely, undoubtedly.
Examples:
l Personally, I'd rather go by train.
l Surprisingly, this car is cheaper than the smaller model.
l Geographically, Britain
is rather cut off from the rest of Europe .
Commenting
l She is certainly the best person for the job.
l You obviously enjoyed your meal.
These are very similar to viewpoint adverbs, and
often the same words, but they go in a different position - after the verb to
be and before the main verb.
Some common Commenting adverbs:
definitely, certainly, obviously, simply.
Adverbs
If
some reporter were to describe the weather for us by saying, “It snowed,” we
would not be entirely satisfied. We would want to know the answers to certain
questions:
1. How,
or to what extent, did it snow?
2. When
did it snow?
3. Where
did it snow?
Words
that tell how, when, or where are adverbs.
If
our reporter had answered the above questions by using some adverbs—for
example,
if he
or she had said,
“It
snowed heavily yesterday upstate,”
we
would have had a better idea of the weather.
What Is an Adverb?
An adverb is a
word that modifies either a verb, or an adjective, or another adverb.
We
now look at these uses of an adverb one at a time.
I.
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb.
The
Pirates played brilliantly.
V.
ADV
(Brilliantly
is an adverb because it modifies. the
verb played.)
The
team performed well.
V. ADV.
(Well
is an adverb because it modifies the verb performed.)
The
Dodgers did not play.
V. ADV. V.
(Not
is an adverb because it modifies the verb did play.)
They are
playing tomorrow.
V. ADV.
(Tomorrow
is an adverb because it modifies the verb are playing.)
They will
play here.
V. ADV.
(Here is
an adverb because it modifies the verb will play.)
Most
adverbs answer one of the following questions: HOW? WHEN? WHERE? TO
WHAT
EXTENT?
The
Pirates played brilliantly. (Brilliantly tells HOW the
Pirates played.)
ADV.
They
are playing tomorrow. (Tomorrow tells WHEN they are
playing.)
ADV.
They
will play here. (Here tells WHERE they will play.)
ADV.
They
have fully recovered from their slump.
ADV.
(Fully
tells TO WHAT EXTENT they have recovered)
II.
An adverb is a word that modifies an adjective.
A very
odd thing happened.
ADV. ADJ
(Very
is an adverb because it modifies the adjective odd.)
The
cobra is a highly poisonous snake.
ADV. ADJ
(Highly is an adverb because it
modifies the adjective poisonous.)
A
window was partly open.
ADV. ADJ.
(Partly is an adverb because it modifies the
predicate adjective open.)
III.
An adverb is a word that modifies another adverb.
The
fight began quite unexpectedly.
ADV. ADV.
(Quite
is an adverb because it modifies the adverb unexpectedly.)
I very
quietly closed the door.
ADV. ADV.
(Very
is an adverb because it modifies the adverb quietly.)
Both
teams played extremely well.
ADV. ADV.
(Extremely is an adverb because it modifies the
adverb well.)
Summary:
An adverb is a word that modifies
a
verb, or
an
adjective, or
another adverb.
Forming Adverbs from
Adjectives
I.
Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to an adjective.
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
skillful
+ ly = skillfully
brave
+ ly = bravely
In
some cases, however, as in II and III that follow, we must make a change in the
adjective
before adding ly.
II.
If an adjective ends in ic, add al before adding ly.
basic
+ al + ly = basically
terrific
+ al + ly = terrifically
III.
If an adjective ends in y, change the y to i and then add ly.
easy [easi] + ly = easily
noisy
[noisi] + ly = noisily
IV.
If an adjective ends in le, do not add ly; simply change le to
ly.
able ably
gentle gently
Composition
Hint
Adverbs
can often help us express ourselves more concisely. Compare the following:
WORDY: You worked in a careless manner.
CONCISE: You worked carelessly.
Recognizing Adverbs
and Adjectives
I. A
word is not an adverb just because it ends in ly. To tell whether
or not a particular
word
is an adverb, we must see how that word is used in its sentence.
Question 1: Is
weekly an adverb in this sentence?
1.
The workers receive a weekly salary.
Answer: No.
Reason: Weekly
modifies the noun salary. A word that modifies a noun is an
adjective.
Therefore, weekly, in sentence 1, is an adjective.
Question 2: Is
weekly an adverb in the following sentence?
2. The workers are paid weekly.
Answer: Yes.
Reason: Weekly
modifies the verb are paid. A word that modifies a verb is an
adverb. Therefore, in sentence 2, weekly is an
adverb.
II.
Some words that do not end in ly—for example, long and fast—can
be adverbs or
adjectives.
Again, we must see how such words are used in their sentences before
saying
that they are adverbs or adjectives.
Question 1: Is
long an adverb in this sentence?
1.
Did you wait long?
Answer: Yes.
Reason: Long
modifies the verb did wait. A word that modifies a verb is an
adverb.
Therefore, in sentence 1, long is an adverb.
Question 2: Is
long an adverb in the following sentence?
2.
They are going on a long trip.
Answer: No.
Reason: Long
modifies the noun trip. A word that modifies a noun is an adjective.
Therefore, long, in sentence 2, is an adjective.
Summary:
Do not jump to the conclusion that a word is an adverb because it ends
in
ly, or that a word is not an adverb because it does not end in ly.
To
tell whether a word is an adverb, or an adjective, or any other part
of speech, look at the way the word is used in its
sentence.
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